Significance and Importance of Akharota (Juglansregia L.) in Ayurveda-A Classical Review

 

Vijay Kumar¹, Suresh Chaubey², Anupam Srivastava³, Ajay KumarMeena⁴,

Rajesh Kumar Mishra⁵*, Kiran Srivastava⁶, Ankita Gupta⁷

¹North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy, Mawdingding, Shillong.

²Rishikul Campus, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

³Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, Ministry of Ayush, Delhi.

⁴CSMRADDI, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of Ayush, Chennai.

⁵Patanjali Bhartiya Ayurvigyan Evum Anusandhan Sansthan, Haridwar, Uttarakhand.

⁶Dravyaguna expert, New Delhi.

⁷Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

It is well-known that the ancient method of evolution of Ayurveda was originated in India in context of the medical practices developed on the planet so far. It is primarily a medical practice based on plants. Walnut (Akharota) is a medicinal plant widely used in ayurvedic medicine since ancient time. It has a long history of medicinal use, being used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of complaints like constipation, chronic coughs, asthma, dyspepsia etc. It is used for the treatment of various ailments that include tuberculosis, diarrhea, sinusitis, arthritis, skin disorders and various endocrine diseases. The present review, attempts to provide comprehensive information on the classical medicinal uses, Sanskrit names along with etymology of Akharota.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

In this ancient era, Manīṣi Dhanvantri, Caraka, Suśruta, etc., with the noble endeavors of many great men, this mode of life and science reached the peak of progress as the world's first organized system of medicine. At that time, no other medical practice was in its competition. In India, the sages used to live in gurukulas (traditional schools of that era) and ashrams established in secluded areas in the forests.

They routinely unearthed and used the medicinal plants. The public also had direct involvement with them. In the multiplicity of forests, there has been an intense intimacy towards nature and plants. Hence, the familiarization and utility of plants was prevalent among forest dwellers, villagers and elite class individuals. Additionally, the information about the use of herbal medicines in the small villages and settlements had also been circulated to the masses by the vaidyas (traditional healers). Walnut or Akharoṭa (Juglansregia L.) is being used for medication since ancient time. It is a beautiful and fragrant deciduous tree belongs to Juglandaceae family. It has a detailed description in ancient Ayurvedic Saṁhitā and Nighaṇṭu. It is mentioned in Aṣṭāṅga-nighaṇṭu^[1] (Viprakīrṇa-gaṇa: 249-250); Saraswatī-nighaṇṭu^[2] (Mahāvṛkṣa-vargaḥ 30); Madanapāla-nighaṇṭu^[3] (Phalādi-vargaḥ: 66); Abhidhānaratnamālā^[4] (Swādu-skandha: 40); Soḍhala-nighaṇṭu^[5] (Nāmasaṅgraha: 583); Candra-nighaṇṭu^[6] (Uttarabhāga); Kaideva--nighaṇṭu^[7] (Auṣadhi-vargaḥa:374); Nighaṇṭuśeṣa^[8] (1:140); Bhāva-prakāśa-nighaṇṭu^[9] (Āmrādiphala-vargaḥ: 129); Rāja-nighaṇṭu^[10] (Āmrādi-vargaḥ:81) given in Table. 1.

 

Table 1. Classification of Akharoṭa in various Nighaṇṭu

S. No.	Nighaṇṭu	Gaṇa/Varga	Reference
1.	Aṣṭāṅga-nighaṇṭu[1]	Viprakīrṇa-gaṇa	Viprakīrṇa-gaṇa: 249-250
2.	Saraswatī-nighaṇṭu[2]	Mahāvṛkṣa-vargaḥ	Mahāvṛkṣa-vargaḥ 30
3.	Madanapāla-nighaṇṭu[3]	Phalādi-vargaḥ	Phalādi-vargaḥ: 66
4.	Abhidhānaratnamālā[4]	Swādu-skandha	Swādu-skandha: 40
5.	Soḍhala-nighaṇṭu[5]	Nāmasaṅgraha, Guṇasaṅgraha	Nāmasaṅgraha: 583
6.	Candra-nighaṇṭu[6]	Uttarabhāga (Prakīrṇa-auṣadhi-dravya)	Uttarabhāga:69-70
7.	Kaideva-nighaṇṭu[7]	Auṣadhi-vargaḥ	Auṣadhi-vargaḥa:374
8.	Nighaṇṭuśeṣa[8]	Vṛkṣa-kāṇḍa	Vṛkṣa-kāṇḍa:140
9.	Bhāva-prakāśa-nighaṇṭu[9]	Āmrādiphala-vargaḥ	Āmrādiphala-vargaḥ: 129
10.	Rāja-nighaṇṭu[10]	Āmrādi-vargaḥ	Āmrādi-vargaḥ: 81

 

Distribution:

Native of Akharota:

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Pakistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, West Himalaya etc.^[18]

 

Introduced of Akharota:

Akharotaintroduced intoAlbania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., East Himalaya, France, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Korea, Kriti, Krym, Laos, Libya, Madeira, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Nepal, North Caucasus, Oman, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, Tunisia, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yugoslavia.^[18]

 

Botanical Description: ^[11-14]

In India it is found in Himalayas up to an altitude of 1000-3000 m and also found in Khasia hills. A large, wide, deciduous, monoecious tree grows upto 30 m in height. Young shoots tomentose. Bark grey, longitudinally fissured. Leaves compound, 15-40cm long, young tomentose, imparipinnate. Leaflets 5-9, the terminal one largest, 7.5-20cm long and 4-10cm wide, variable, from elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually entire, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers small, yellowish green. Male flowers 5-12cm long, slender, cylindrical, pendulous catkins. Bract 2mm long, Bracteoles 2, 3mm long, ovate to obovate, pubescent, Perianth 2-6 lobed. Female flowers 1-3, sessile, in a short terminal spike. Fruit drupe, 5cm long, ellipsoid, green, pericarp leathery, aromatic, externally distinctly 2-valved, woody, wrinkled, hard endocarp enclosing 4-lobes. Seeds corrugated, oily, basifixed, base 2-4 lobed. Flowering/ Fruiting in February- June months (Fig. 1).

 

       

Figure.1 Fruit, Leaves and Tree of Akharoṭa (JuglansregiaL.)

 

Vernacular Names: ^[18]

Botanical name:

Juglansregia Linn. Syn. Juglansasplenifolia Dippel; Juglansduclouxiana Dode; Juglansfallax Dode; Juglansfertilis Dippel; Juglansfrutescens Dippel; Juglansfruticosa Dippel; Juglanskamaonia (C.DC.) Dode; Juglanslongirostris Carrière; Juglansorientis Dode; Juglansquercifolia N. Pierce; Juglansregia subsp. sinensis (DC.) Ohle; Juglanssalicifolia Dippel; Juglanssinensis (C.DC.) Dode, Family: Juglandaceae.

 

Taxonomical Classification^{[34, 35]}:

Kingdom: Plantae;

Clade: Tracheophytes;

Clade: Angiosperms;

Clade: Eudicots;

Clade: Rosids;

Order: Fagales;

Family: Juglandaceae;

Genus: Juglans;

Section: Juglans;

Species: Regia;

Binomial name :Juglansregia L.

 

Etymology of botanical name^[36,37]:

Juglans:

Derived from Latin word juglans means 'jupiter’s-nut'.

Regia: Derived from Latin word regia means 'splendid, royal, kingly'.

 

Other Vernacular names^[15,16,17]:

Hindi- Akharoṭa, Akroṭa, Akhora;

Bengali- Aukhrotu, Akhrot, Akrot, Akarut;

Asamiya- Kabsing, Akalbesing;

English- Walnut;

Gujarati- Akhrot;

Kannada- Akrodu, Akhrodpappu;

Malayalam- Akrottu;

Marathi- Akroda;

Nepali- Okhara;

Oriya- Akharot;

Punjabi- Akharot, Charmagz, Khorka, Daraga, Akhori, Krot;

Tamil- Akrottu;

Tagalog-Nogales;

Telugu- Akrotu, Akotu;

Urdu- Akharot;

Uttarakhand- Akhor.

 

Sanskrit Names^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}:

Akṣoḍakaḥ, Akṣoṭaḥ, Akṣoṭakaḥ, Akṣoḍaḥ, Bṛhacchadaḥ, Girijāpījuḥ, Guḍāśayaḥ, Guḍāśrayah, Kīreṣṭaḥ, Kandarālaḥ, Karparāla, Kharjūrī, Lodhrapīlukā, Mahācchadaḥ, Madhumajjā, Pīluḥ, Pṛthucchadaḥ, Phalasnehaḥ, Pārvatīyaḥ, Śailabhavaḥ, Snehaphala, Svādumjjaḥ, Vṛttaphalaḥgiven in Table. 2.

 

Table 2. Sanskrita name of Akharoṭa in various Nighaṇṭu

 

1.Aṣṭāṅga-nighaṇṭu^[1],             2.Saraswatī-nighaṇṭu^[2] 3.Madanapāla-nighaṇṭu^[3] 4.Abhidhānaratnamālā^[4] 5.Soḍhala-nighaṇṭu^[5]                  6.Candra-nighaṇṭu^[6]
7.Kaideva-nighaṇṭu^[7]             8.Nighaṇṭuśeṣa^[8] 9.Bhāva-prakāśa-nighaṇṭu^[9] 10.Rāja-nighaṇṭu^[10]]

 

Etymology of Sanskrit Names^{[19,20,21,22,23,24,25]}:

Akṣoṭa-Akṣasyevoṭāḥparṇānyasyaḥ; akṣṇotivyāpnotigiripradeśaṁsaṅghāteca, 'Akṣūvyāptausaṁghāteca'. (Its leaves resembles to a variety of Terminaliabalerica (Baheda) and as it is found in mountainous region.);

Guḍāśayaḥ. Its kernel is as sweet as jaggery.;

Guḍāśrayaḥ-Guḍavatsvādurāśrayomajjabhāgo, sya. Guḍāśayaḥitipāṭhesaevārthaḥ. Nighaṇṭuśeṣaḥ 'Guhāśrayaḥ' itipaṭhati-guhāyāmāśryo, syeti. (Its kernel is sweet similar to jaggery.);

Kīreṣṭaḥ. As it bears a sweet kernel.,

Karparālaḥ-Karparavatphalāvaraṇatvāt;

Karparaṁkapālamalatibhūṣayatītitadvanmajjā,syā. 'Kandarālaḥ' itipāṭhe-Kandarābahulegiripradeśejātaḥ. (It bears brain-like marrow and scalpy covering.);

Pṛthucchadaḥ-Pṛthayomahantaśchadāḥparṇānyasya. 'Bṛhacchadaḥ' itipāṭhesaevārthaḥ. (As it bears large leaves.);

Parvatapīluḥ-Parvatejātaḥpīlusadṛśaphalaḥ. (It is found in mountainous region bearing fruits resembling to a variety of salvadorapersica.(peelu);

Pārvatīyah-Parvatebhavaḥ. (The tree grows commonly in mountainous region);

Snehaphala-Phalesneho, sya.(Its fruits are oily.);

Svādumjjaḥ- Madhuraḥphalamajjā, sya. (As its fruits have a sweet pulp.);

Vṛttaphalaḥ- Vṛttākāraṁphalamasya. (Its fruits are round shaped.).

 

Physicochemical Parameters:

Physico chemical parameters of Akharoṭa are like Total ash 9.51%, Acid insoluble ash 0.125%, Water soluble ash 1.035%, Alcohol soluble extractive 6.03% and Water-soluble extractive 4.02% ^[39].

 

Chemical composition:

Akharoṭa kernel contains a high content of oil, 67.07 %, due to which it can be classified into a group of herbal species that can be used for commercial oil extraction.  It is also contains a high percentage of proteins (14.22 %) and carbohydrates (13.95 %)^[40]. Its bark contained alkaloid, tannins, phenols and saponins. Methanolic extract of its bark showed gallic acid^[39]. Leaves extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins^[41]. It also contains aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine^[42] tabulated in Table 3.

 

Table 3. Chemical structure and biological activities of some compounds from Akharoṭa^[52-66]

 

Pharmacological properties:

Akharoṭashows cardiovascular effects. It shows beneficial effect on blood lipids and lowering blood cholesterol^[47]. Its fruit extract shows antidepressant effect^[48]. Hydro alcoholic extract of Akharoṭafruit shows anxiolytic effect^[49]. Ethanolic extracts of Akharoṭaleaves exhibited potent anti-inflammatory^[50] and alcohol extract shows nociceptive effect^[51].

 

Ayurvedic Properties: ^{[3,5-10, 26-31]}

Akharoṭa acts as a brain tonic, stomachic; is oleation causing, carminative, expectorant, tonic, aphrodisiac and stoutening. Its paste enhances complexion; acts as antileprotic, antiphlogistic and analgesic. Except its kernel and oil, all other parts of walnut acts as anti-diarrheal. Its oil is sweet in taste; cold in potency, heavy in attribute; alleviates Vāta and Pitta; provocates Kaphadoṣa; acts as trichogenic, obstructant and alleviates blood disorders. It is antibacterial, hemostyptic, nerve depressant, antiviral, antiphlogistic, hypoglycemic, antifungal, thyroid hormone stimulating, antiageing and depressant. Its leaves are styptic, tonic and anthelmintic.

 

Ras Pañcaka:

Rasa- Madhura^[27,10,3]; Guṇa: Guru^[5,7,3], Snigdha^[5,7,10]; Vīrya: Usna^[3,7,10]; Vipāka: Madhura^[7,27];

Doṣakarma: Pitta-śleṣmakāraka^[7,27],Vātaśāmaka^[7]

Other Properties:

Tastant^[5,7], Stoutening^[7,28], Viṣṭambhi^[7,28], Tonic^[3,10,28], Nutritive^[27], Spermatogenic^[7,27], Cardiac^[7,27], Laxative^[3,7]. Useful in treating injury, tuberculosis^[7,27], burning sensation^[7] and blood disorders etc.^[7,10].

 

Traditional Medicinal Uses:

Akharoṭa is used as natural remedies in folk medicine. Fresh or toasted seed kernel consumed as edible products. It is very popular for its nutritional and health promoting properties^[43].

 

Its leaves were used in various traditional medicines for the treatment of skin disorders, hemorrhoids, wounds, and diarrhoea and worm infestation. It also acts as antioxidants, antiseptic, antibacterial and astringent^[44]. Akharoṭaroot and bark used as anti-helmentic, astringent and detergent. Its bark powder used as a tooth cleaner and whitener. Decoction prepared from its bark and root is used along with alum for staining wool brown^[45]. Akharoṭa leaves are used for the treatment of itching, dysentery and frost bite. Its fruits are acts as brain tonic, aphrodisiac and used to treat constipation and rheumatism. Its oil is use to treat muscular pain^[46].

 

Classical Medicinal Uses^[15,2,33]:

2-3gm Akharoṭa fruit shell ash taken along with buttermilk, in the morning and with water in the evening acts as a hemostyptic in case of bleeding piles. Application of 10-20gm Akharoṭa kernel pounded with sour gruel is useful to treat swelling associated with Vāta. Massage of Akharoṭa oil is useful in alleviating shivering and cramps that occurs due to cholera. Decoction prepared from 10-20gm walnut fruit shell cooked in 400ml water, taken twice a day, gives relief in constipation. Chewing of roasted Akharoṭakernel gives relief in cough. To strengthen the teeth, use ash of Akharoṭashell with small quantity of rock salt as a tooth powder and chewing of Akharoṭa bark is beneficial in treating dental disorders and other oral diseases. 5-10gm of Akharoṭaleaves and bark, boil till it remains one-fourth and strain. Intake of 5-10ml of decoction is useful in treating diarrhea. Intake of 10-20gm Akharoṭa kernel is useful in treating abdominal pain and dysentery.  25ml cow urine with 10ml Akharoṭa oil intake is useful in treating edema. Application of Akharoṭa kernel pounded with five leaved chaste tree (Nirguṇḍī) juice as a collyrium and as a nasal drop (2-4 drops in each nostril) daily empty stomach in the morning is useful in teating epilepsy. External application of Akharoṭabark and leaves paste is useful to heal wound, erysipelas, pruritus, etc. Take kernel of two walnut (Akharoṭa) and three seeds of chebulicmyrobalan (Harītakī). Burn them and grind the ash with four black pepper. Apply it as a collyrium. It helps in improving the eyesight. Massage with Akharoṭa oil followed by hot fomentation with Vāta pacifyingmedicines is useful in treating facial palsy. Application of 10gm Akharoṭa kernel paste mixed with melted wax or oil and washing of wound with Akharoṭa bark decoction helps to heal the wound quickly. Regularly in the morning, take 10gm Akharoṭa kernel and 10gm raisin (Drākṣā). It provides physical and mental strength and also keeps the stomach fit in good condition. If it is not easily digested then reduce the amount. Grind 100gm semolina and 10gm Akharoṭa leaves. Then prepare puri of it in cow ghee. Its intake for seven days increases the quantity of breast milk. Prepare powder from equal quantity of Akharoṭa bark, winged prickly ash (Tumbarū) bark, bullet wood (Vakula)bark and musk mallow (Latākastūrī) seed. Apply it externally on gums and keep for 10-15min, followed by gargle with lukewarm water. It acts as a hemostyptic. Withholding of a tampon dipped in Akharoṭaoil, in the rectum helps in alleviating the pain due to hemorrhoids. Intake of 20-40ml Akharoṭa oil along with 250ml milk in the morning, acts as a laxative. Prepare decoction from 20-30gm pounded Akharoṭa fruit along with its shell. Add two teaspoons of honey in the decoction and take it, 3-4 times a day. It is useful in treating irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Regular intake of 25-50gm Akharoṭakernel is useful in enhancing the intellect. External application of its bark paste is useful in alleviating palatitis. Grind 50gm Akharoṭa kernel, 40gm dry dates and 10gm levant cotton (Kārpāsa) seed kernel together. Roast it in ghee. To this, add crystal sugar half to the total amount of the above mixture. Take 5gm of this mixture regularly every morning. It is helpful in alleviating prameha. (Use it only when prescribed by the physician). Prepare ash of Akharoṭaalong with its shell, mix 500mg of this ash with spanish chamomile juice and honey. Intake of this, twice a day is useful to get relief from cough. In the morning before brushing the teeth, chew 5-10gm Akharoṭa kernel and prepare a paste of it. Apply this paste externally on affected area due to ringworm. It gives relief in few days. Intake of 10-20ml decoction prepared from 5gm each of its bark and leaves boiled in 200ml water, is useful in treating scrofula. Douching with this decoction is also useful in treating enlarged glands and goiter. Intake of 10gm walnut shell ash mixed with equal quantity of raw sugar along with water, twice a day for 10 days is useful in treating spermatorrhea. Intake of 5-10gm Akharoṭa kernel is useful in treating throat inflammation. Application of 10-20gm fresh Akharoṭa kernel paste over the painful region, covered with a cloth, followed by fomentation reduces pain immediately. Regular intake of its kernel is useful in treating arthritis. Grind walnut bark in water and heat the paste on the flame, apply over the inflammed whitlow, tie with gauze and give repeated fomentation. It gives relief in whitlow within 10-15 days. Enema of Akharoṭafruit oil and intake of 20-40ml decoction of Akharoṭa bark or leaves helps in expulsion of abdominal and intestinal worms.

 

Parts used:

Oil, seeds, bark, and leafare usefulparts of Akharoṭa^[38].

 

CONCLUSION:

Today, ordinary people are not completely convinced of allopathic therapies; because the benefit provided by these medicines is partial and their contraindications may lead to a new disease. However, there are no such side-effects reported in case of the herbs. Apart from this, the expenditure in case of allopathic medications is also very high, while a least amount of money is needed for the ayurvedic herbal remedies. Common diseases like cold, cough, stomach diseases, headache, skin diseases, etc. are easily treated by the indigenous plants and herbs with very fewer expense, thereby escalating the importance of herbs as remedies. Variability’s in the geographical conditions extending from Kashmir to Kanyakumari are responsible for the diversity of medicinal herbs available in India. Therefore, the traditional herbal medicine system not only provides the health benefits, but also makes the country financially more self-reliant and powerful.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are very grateful to Director General and Deputy Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi for their encouragement and providing facilities to conduct this study.

 

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Received on 23.06.2020                    Modified on 15.07.2020

Accepted on 17.08.2020                   ©AJRC All right reserved