Author(s):
Madhushree S N, Sindhu H K, Ramesh T N
Email(s):
adityaramesh77@yahoo.com
DOI:
10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00031 
Address:
Madhushree S N, Sindhu H K, Ramesh T N
Department of Studies and Research in Chemistry, University College of Science, Tumkur University, Tumkur, India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 19,
Issue - 3,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the formation of metal-2-furoic acid complexes in aqueous solutions using conductometry. Metal sulphates of Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd were reacted with 2-furoic acid to elucidate complex formation. The Job’s method, mole ratio method and slope ratio methods are aimed to determine the stoichiometry and nature of the complexes. Colorimetric analysis proved limited due to its dependence on solution coloration, while conductometric studies provided more conclusive insights into complex formation. Job’s and mole ratio methods did not definitively confirm complexation; however, the slope ratio method indicated that magnesium, manganese, nickel, zinc, and cadmium predominantly form 1:1 metal-ligand complexes, whereas copper potentially forms a 1:2 complex. Molar conductance analyses further supported the formation of these complexes in solution, although solid-phase isolation resulted in phase separation into precursors. Overall, the findings demonstrate the formation of metal-sulfate and 2-furoic acid complexes in solution, highlighting the efficacy and limitations of different analytical techniques in characterizing metal-ligand interactions.
Cite this article:
Madhushree S N, Sindhu H K, Ramesh T N. Studies on the Formation of Metal Sulphate: 2-Furoic Acid Complexes (Metal: Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd). Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry.2026; 19(3):185-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00031
Cite(Electronic):
Madhushree S N, Sindhu H K, Ramesh T N. Studies on the Formation of Metal Sulphate: 2-Furoic Acid Complexes (Metal: Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd). Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry.2026; 19(3):185-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00031 Available on: https://www.ajrconline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-19-3-3
REFERENCES:
1. Aziz, K.N.; Ahmed, K.M.; Omer, R.A,; Qader, A.F.; Abdulkareem, E.I. A review of coordination compounds: structure, stability, and biological significance. Rev. Inorg. Chem. 2025; 45(1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/revic-2024-0035
2. Basolo, F.; Johnson, R. C. Coordination chemistry (2nd ed.). Science Reviews, 1986. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00303-X
3. Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A.; Keiter, R. L.; Medhi, O. K. Inorganic chemistry: Principles of structure and reactivity, (4th ed.), 2006. Pearson Education India.
4. Malav, R.; Ray, S. Recent advances in the synthesis and versatile applications of transition metal complexes featuring Schiff base ligands. RSC Advances, 2025; 15: 22889–22914. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra03626g.
5. Hayes, T.R.; Bottorff, S.C.; Slocumb, W.S.; Barnes, C.L.; Clark, A.E.; Benny, P.D. Influence of bidentate ligand donor types on the formation and stability in 2+1 fac-[M^(I)(CO)₃]⁺ (M = Re, ⁹⁹mTc) complexes. Dalton Trans. 2017; 46: 1134–1146. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6dt04282a.
6. Francis, J.A, Bott, S.G.; Barron, A.R. Aluminium compounds containing bidentate ligands: chelate ring size and rigid conformation effects. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1998; 3305–3310. https://doi.org/10.1039/A803667E
7. Musgrave, R.A.; Turbervill, R.S.; Irwin, M.; Goicoechea, J. Transition metal complexes of anionic N‐heterocyclic dicarbene ligands. Angew. Chemie Inter. Edition, 2012; 51(43):10832-10835. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/anie.201206100
8. Yahui, Z.; Cui, H.; Xia, H. Recent advances in the synthesis of 2‐furoic acid and 2, 5‐furandicarboxylic acid from furfural. ChemSusChem 2025; 18.3. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202401390
9. Carraher Jr. C.E. Synthesis of furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid, J. Chem. Ed. 1978; 55(4): 269. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed055p269
10. Sajadi, Z.; Abrishami, M.M.; Paricher-Mohseni, Chapman Jr, J.M.; Hall, I.H. Synthesis and evaluation of the antitumor properties of esters of 2-furoic acid and 2-furylacrylic acid. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984; 73(2): 266-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600730233
11. Ejarque, D.; Sánchez-Férez, F.; Félez-Guerrero, N.; Calvet, T.; Font-Bardiac, M; Pons, J. Pyridine-driven assembly of Zn (II) and Cd (II) complexes with 2-furoic acid. The role of water in a structural transformation. CrystEngComm 2023; 25(18): 2739-2754. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D3CE00104K
12. Bünzli, Jean-Claude G, Wessner, D. Rare earth complexes with neutral macrocyclic ligands. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1984; 60: 191-253. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CE00104K
13. Kar, S.; Zhou, Q-Q.; Ben-David, Y.; Milstein, D. Catalytic Furfural/5-hydroxymethyl furfural oxidation to furoic acid/furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with H2 production using alkaline water as the formal oxidant, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2022; 144(3): 1288–1295
14. Escobar, A.; Sathicq, A.; Pizzio, L.; Blanco, M.; Romanelli, G. Biomass valorization derivatives: Clean esterification of 2-furoic acid using tungstophosphoric acid/zirconia composites as recyclable catalyst, Proc. Safety Environ. Protection, 2015; 98: 176-186
15. Flakus, H.T.; Jabłońska, M.; Kusz, J. An anomalous linear dichroic effect in the polarized IR spectra of 2-furancarboxylic acid crystals: Proton transfer induced by co-operative interactions involving hydrogen bonds. Vibrational Spec. 2009; 49(2); 174-182.
16. Gilmore, C. J.; Mallinson, P. R.; Speakman, J. C. Structure of 2-furoic acid, C5H4O3: a redetermination, Acta Cryst. 1983; C39: 1111-1113. https://doi.org/10.1107/S010827018300757X
17. Halasa, A.; Lapinski, L.; Reva, I.; Rostkowska, H.; Fausto, R.; Nowak, M. J. Three conformers of 2-furoic acid: structure changes induced with near-IR laser light. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2015; 119(6): 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512302s
18. Insausti, A.; Ma, J.; Yang, Q.; Xie, F.; Xu, Y. Rotational spectroscopy of 2-furoic acid and its dimer: conformational distribution and double proton tunneling. ChemPhysChem. 2022; 23(12) e202200176https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202200176
19. George B. P–Z indexes. Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. 1996; 3: Bob Stern. p. 2359. ISBN 0-8493-9414-7.
20. Uma, B.; Jerome Das, S.; Krishnan, S.; Milton Boaz, B. Growth, optical and thermal studies on organic nonlinear optical crystal: 2-furoic acid, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2011; 406: 2834-2839.
21. Uma, B.; Sakthi Murugesan, K.; Krishnan, S.; Jerome Dab, S.; Milton Boaz, B. Optical and dielectric studies on organic nonlinear optical 2-furoic acid single crystals. Optik – Inter. J. Light and Electron Optics, 2013; 12(17): 2754-2757.
22. Lutsenko, I.A.; Yambulatova, D.S.; Kiskin, M.A.; Nelyubina, Y.V.; Primakov, P.V.; Bekker, O.B.; Sidorov, A.A.; Eremenko, I.L. Mononuclear Cu (II), Zn (II), and Co (II) complexes with 2-furoate anions and 2,2′-Bpy: synthesis, structure, and biological activity. Russ. J. Coordination Chem. 2012; 46(12): 787–794. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070328420120040
23. Lutsenko, I.A.; Nikiforova, M.E.; Koshenskova, K.A.; Malyants, I.K.; Bekker, O.B.; Eremenko, I.L. Binuclear cmplexes of Cu (II) and Mg (II) with 2-furancarboxylic acid: synthesis, structure, EPR spectroscopy, and results of in Vitro biological activity against mycolicibacterium smegmatis and SCOV3. Russ. J. Coordination Chem. 2021; 47: 881–890. https://doi.org/ 10.1134/S1070328421350013
24. Paluchowska, B.; Maurin, J.K.; Leciejewicz, J. Direct and outer-sphere coordination of the magnesium ions in the crystal structures of complexes with 2-furancarboxylic acid (I) and 3-furancarboxylic acid (II). J. Chem. Cryst. 1997; 27: 177–182. https://doi.org /10.1007/BF02575986
25. Nikiforova, M.E.; Lutsenko, I.A.; Dolgushin, F.M.; Khoroshilov, A.V.; Kiskin, M.A.; Eremenko, I. L. Honeycomb-like 3D coordination polymer of barium with furoic anions: effect of thermal stability. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4343194
26. Paluchowska, B.; Maurin, J.K.; Leciejewicz, J. The role of C—H. O bonds in stabilizing 3-furancarboxylic acid and its complexes with calcium and strontium. Acta Cryst. 1996; C52: 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270195003246
27. Plecnik, C.E.; Liu, S.; Shore, S.G. Lanthanide− transition-metal complexes: from ion pairs to extended arrays. Accounts of Chem. Res. 2003; 36(7): 499-508.
28. Boggess R.K.; Zatko. D.A. The use of conductivity data for the structure determination of metal complexes. J. Chem. Edu.1975; 52: 649. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed052p649
29. Ali, I.; Wani, W.A.; Saleem, K. Empirical formulae to molecular structures of metal complexes by molar conductance. Synth. Reactivity in Inorg. Metal-Organic, Nano-Metal Chem. 2013; 43: 1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15533174
30. Fotouh, R.M.; Danielson, N. D. Ligand exchange spectrophotometric method for the determination of mole ratio in metal complexes. Microchem. J. 2012; 103: 74-78. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.microc.2012.01.008
31. Zachary D.H.; MacCarthy, P. Novel approach to Job's method: An undergraduate experiment. J. Chem. Edu. 1986; 63(2): 162. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed063p162
32. Meyer Jr, Albert S, Ayres, G.H. The mole ratio method for spectrophotometric determination of complexes in solution. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1957; 79(1): 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01558a011