ABSTRACT:
Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy is one of the most widely applied analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, and environmental sciences. The technique is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions, resulting in electronic transitions within molecules that provide characteristic absorption spectra. Owing to its simplicity, rapid analysis, cost-effectiveness, and minimal sample preparation requirements, UV–Vis spectroscopy has become an indispensable tool in routine quality control and research laboratories. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of UV spectroscopy, including electronic transitions and the Beer–Lambert law, along with a detailed discussion of instrumentation and optical configurations. Special emphasis is placed on advanced UV spectroscopic techniques used in multicomponent analysis, such as the simultaneous equation method, Q-absorbance ratio method, absorption correction method, iso-absorptive point method, and derivative spectrophotometry. These techniques extend the applicability of UV spectroscopy to complex pharmaceutical formulations containing overlapping spectra. In addition, the article critically discusses the major applications of UV spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis, biochemistry, environmental monitoring, food analysis, forensic science, and material characterization, along with its inherent limitations such as low selectivity, spectral overlap, solvent dependency, and restricted structural information. Overall, this review highlights the continued relevance of UV–Vis spectroscopy as a reliable and versatile analytical technique, while emphasizing the importance of method optimization and complementary approaches to overcome its limitations.
Cite this article:
Jinal Patel, Suraj Singh. Modern UV–Visible Spectroscopic Techniques for Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Review. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2026; 19(5):442-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00065
Cite(Electronic):
Jinal Patel, Suraj Singh. Modern UV–Visible Spectroscopic Techniques for Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Review. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2026; 19(5):442-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00065 Available on: https://www.ajrconline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-19-5-6
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